Posts Tagged ‘DNA evidence’

Has Jack the Ripper’s Identity Been Solved?

Posted: February 16, 2025 in Reflections, Scary Stuff
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You may have seen some news reports that Jack the Ripper’s identity has been solved. A lot of those reports include mentions of DNA evidence, which gives the claim an air of legitimacy. However, that raises the question: has Jack the Ripper’s identity been found? And if so, who is it?

First, for those of you who don’t know (thought at this point, I’d be surprised if you didn’t know), Jack the Ripper is the name given to a serial killer who murdered five women in London’s Whitechapel and Spitalfields neighborhoods in 1888, though it’s possible many more died. The women killed by the Ripper were supposedly prostitutes, though in recent years, doubt has been cast on that (check out The Five by Hallie Rubenhold for more on that).

As for the killer’s name, it comes from a letter sent to a local newspaper supposedly by the killer where the “killer” identifies himself as such. Jack, however, was never caught, leading to over a century of speculation as to whom the killer is.

As to this latest news story, historian Russell Edwards has claimed that DNA found on a shawl supposedly belonging to Catherine Eddowes, one of the Ripper’s victims, matches both Eddowes’ living descendants, as well as DNA belonging to descendants of the older brother of Aaron Kosminski, one of the top Ripper suspects. Based on this, Edwards believes that Aaron Kosminski was the Ripper, beyond the shadow of a doubt.

This leads to the question: was Kosminski really Jack the Ripper?

Honestly, I have my doubts. This isn’t because I have my own suspect I believe was the Ripper (though I do believe it was this person to the point I made him a character in my Victorian Gothic novel The Pure World Comes). It’s just that there are some serious problems with Edwards’ claims, and I shall try to go over all of them here.

First, who was Aaron Kosminski? He was a Polish Jewish immigrant who worked as a barber/hairdresser in Whitechapel in 1888 and who was one of the original suspects of being the Ripper owing to a violent mental disorder. He was committed to an asylum a few years later and died in custody in 1919. To this day, he’s still one of the most popular picks for the Ripper’s true identity.

The DNA evidence is way more problematic than it appears at first glance.

First, there’s the DNA. While this method is a lot more reliable than other methods of forensic crime solving (you would not believe how unreliable fingerprinting actually is), DNA isn’t infallible. In fact, DNA is subject to contamination, incomplete samples, and degradation over time. It would take incredible luck for both samples to remain intact and uncontaminated enough so that they could be used to match with the victim and suspect’s descendants.

But sure, let’s say the DNA found on the shawl, which Edwards bought from an auction house and which passed through a few hands before then, really did have enough intact DNA for the scientists to do their work. While Eddowes’ DNA probably came from bloodstains, the DNA linked to Kosminski was mitochondrial DNA from semen. Mitochondrial DNA is a lot smaller than regular DNA found in cell nuclei and isn’t as handy in identifying people as is regular DNA. (See this YouTube video where a DNA expert explains it much better than I ever could).

Also, semen being present on the shawl only proves that someone had sexual contact with Eddowes (if it was her shawl). As I said, whether the Ripper’s victims did or did not engage in sex work regularly has been called into question in recent years, but whatever the truth, it doesn’t prove that Kosminski killed her. All it really says that he may have had some sort of sexual contact with her.

All of these factors might be why the study in which Edwards makes his claims hasn’t been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and that’s a problem. “Peer-reviewed” means that the experiments and the results can be reliably replicated, and the fact that no peer-reviewed journal has published Edwards’ study is concerning.

The identify of the Ripper, to put it simply, is still an open question.

Finally, there’s the issue of whether Aaron Kosminski was actually the suspect the police were referring to! You see, Kosminski’s name came to prominence because the name “Kosminski” was mentioned in police memos and in the diaries of investigators from the original case, and that eventually led to the identification of Aaron Kosminski. However, these same policemen may have been referring to one Nathan Kaminsky, also known as Aaron or David Cohen, another Polish Jew with mental issues and a violent personality and who was held in the same asylum as Kosminski before his death in 1889. The police may have confused one man for another, and the asylum may have named him Aaron Cohen because Kaminsky or Kosminski was too difficult to spell or understand. Whatever the case, we can’t be sure which man the police were referring to, given the similarities and lack of reliable records.

So perhaps Aaron Kosminski did have a sexual encounter with Catherine Eddowes, but Nathan Kaminsky was the real Ripper. Or maybe he wasn’t. There’s no way to tell.

And that’s the main problem. Even if the DNA results aren’t problematic, there’s no way to know 100% for sure who Jack the Ripper was without a time machine. I’m sure we would all love to put to bed who the Ripper was, even if our personal choice of suspect was wrong. But it’ll take a lot more than sketchy DNA results to do so. And, like many infamous cold cases, it may never be truly solved.

Thanks for reading through my rant on this subject, Followers of Fear. I just really disliked how many publications were taking Edwards’ announcement like the gospel. Hopefully this put the whole matter into perspective for some of you.

If you’re at all curious whom I think is the Ripper, you can find out by reading The Pure World Comes. As I said, I included him as a character in the novel, and I included some of the historical knowledge I found on the guy in the story. Plus, it’s a great Victorian Gothic horror novel, if I do say so myself. I’ll leave links below if you’re curious. And be sure to leave a review if you read it!

I also highly recommend if you’re curious to check out The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper by Hallie Rubenhold. Ms. Rubenhold does an excellent job exploring both the lives of the five canonical Ripper victims and the contemporary attitudes that may have unfairly led to them being labeled prostitutes. Reading it made me look at the Ripper case in a whole new light and helped me ultimately come to whom I believe the Ripper is. (See my article on it here.)

That’s all for now, my Followers of Fear. Until next time, good night and pleasant nightmares!

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Has the Jack the Ripper Mystery Been Solved?

Posted: September 8, 2014 in Journalism, Living and Life, Reflections
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If you live in the English-speaking world and you pay any attention to scary stories, serial killers, or England, you’ve probably heard of Jack the Ripper, whose legend has become so great that sometimes it’s hard to tell what’s fact and what is fiction (and it blends more often than you think). If for some reason you’ve been living under a rock, here’s a quick overview of Jack the Ripper (even if you’re familiar with the Ripper legends, you might want to read this for a little refresher):

Jack the Ripper was the name given to a supposed killer who operated in the impoverished neighborhoods of Whitechapel and the surrounding areas in 1888 London. It is believed he killed and severely mutilated the abdomens of five women, all prostitutes, as well as possibly killing several more women. The killer gained his now-famous name when a letter, now called the “Dear Boss” letter, was sent to the Central News Agency of London, signed “Jack the Ripper” (whether the actual killer sent this letter and others is up for debate). The press  sensationalized the murders and anything even remotely linked to hte murders, and hundreds of people sent in letters claiming to be the killer (some people are really hungry for fame and attention). However, Jack the Ripper was never caught, and his identity has become one of the greatest mysteries of our modern era.

Almost immediately after the murders, Jack the Ripper became a household name and legend, appearing in numerous works of fiction over the years and becoming a sort of boogeyman for the masses. For numerous years, anything having to do with the Ripper would terrify Londoners and call out the police to investigate. And even today, authors (and more than one or two killers) have been inspired by the Ripper murders. In fact, it seems that at least one book a year is released offering a new story or fresh insight into the identity of Jack. People who dedicate themselves to trying to solve the Ripper mystery are known colloquially as Ripperologists.

One such Ripperologist, businessman and “armchair historian” Russell Edwards, claims in his book Naming Jack the Ripper to have finally figured out the killer’s identity through…DNA evidence?

Mr. Edwards book, claiming to have “definitively” identified the Ripper through DNA evidence

Apparently Edwards owns a piece of evidence from the original murders: the bloodstained shawl of Catherine Eddowes, one of the “canonical” Ripper victims, which he bought at auction a couple of years ago. According to his book, he was able to extract usable DNA from the shawl and have it analyzed by a professor in molecular biology at Liverpool John Mores University. Said professor managed to extract not just blood, but semen from the shawl and isolate DNA from his samples. The blood was eventually matched to Eddowes through a descendant of hers, while the semen was matched to Aaron Kosminski, a man suspected at the time of possibly being the Ripper, through one of his direct descendants.

On the surface, this could be credible. Kosminski, a married Plish Jew who emigrated to London with his family to escape the pogroms in Tsarist Russia. He lived in the area where the murders took place, and he was committed to Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum in 1891 for paranoid schizophrenia, later transferring to another asylum where he died in 1899. However, there is good reason to suspect he might not have been the killer.

Aaron Kosminski, one of the main suspects of the Jack the Ripper murders.

Setting aside how amazing it is to get any workable DNA off a 130-year-old shawl and that the DNA results still haven’t been peer-reviewed by any scientific journal, Catherine Eddowes was a prostitute, so it wouldn’t have been unusual for her to have some semen on her, especially if it was from a man who happened to live in the neighborhood she worked in. And there’s also no evidence to suggest that Kominski killed her or anyone else. We lack a working timeline or any forensic evidence to possibly implicate Kominski or anyone else.  And Kominski himself, although mentally disturbed, was mostly harmless: except for two incidents while incarcerated in the asylums he lived in, Kosminski was mostly harmless. Indeed, some believe he may have been confused for Nathan Kaminsky, also known as David Cohen, another Polish Jew who was himself sent to Colney Hatch in 1888 a month after the last Ripper victim and was said to be violent and antisocial during his short stay in the asylum (he died in 1889).

The truth is, while this DNA evidence may tell us that Kosminski availed himself of Eddowes’ services prior to her death (as did  probably several other men who could all possibly be the killer), we are no closer to identifying Jack the Ripper than we were 130 years ago. Such is the case with famous serial killers who, due to time or design, have left little or no evidence behind of their murders. And that’s even if there is a killer to begin with (some have argued that some of the “canonical” Ripper victims may have actually been the work of other killers, and that maybe only three of the murders, if any, are related).

But you know what? Maybe that’s okay. A good chunk of the appeal from Jack the Ripper is that he’s unknown, that he could be a polish Jew, a surgeon, or even a member of the Royal House. And that means that there’s room for many more generations of Ripperologists and fans to come up with their own theories and stories about who Jack the Ripper is, why he killed, whom he killed at all, and where he ended up. And maybe someday someone will truly, beyond the shadow of a doubt, solve the identity of the Ripper.

Until that day, he’ll stay among the many famous serial killers whose identities are unknown, such as the Zodiac Killer, the Alphabet murderer, the killer of the Black Dahlia, the Servant Girl Murderer, the Axeman of New Orleans–God, how messed up is it that I know all this?

[Thanks to the Huffington Post for most of the information for this article as well as quick references on Wikipedia.]